About
A total of 233 characters were selected from an initial list of 733 characters compiled from a survey of a wide variety of phylogenetic studies, reviews and taxonomic treatments (Copland and King, 1971; Darling, 1983; Schauff, 1984; Gibson, 1986; Graham, 1987; LaSalle, 1987; Darling, 1988; Woolley, 1988; Gibson, 1989; Darling, 1991; Schauff, 1991; Delvare, 1992; Polaszek and Hayat, 1992; Heraty, 1994; LaSalle and Schauff, 1994; Noyes and Hayat, 1994; Gibson, 1995; LaSalle et al., 1997; Wijesekara, 1997; Rasplus et al., 1998; Gibson et al., 1999; Heraty, 2002; Gibson, 2003; Krogmann and Vilhelmsen, 2006; Desjardins et al., 2007; Lotfalizadeh et al., 2007; Gates, 2008; Gibson, 2009; Burks et al., 2011; Kim and Heraty, 2012). The final 233 characters were deemed as potentially phylogenetically informative and scorable across all Chalcidoidea. All characters, OTUs, and images were entered into mx (Yoder et al., 2006-present), with each referenced to a unique mx identification code. A complete list of the characters evaluated is available from JMH upon request. Within the following character list, numbers in brackets are the mx character identification code and are linked to the mx file, which contains associated text and figures. This character list and matrix was the result of a collaborative effort of 27 researchers that started with NSF Tree-of-Life funding in 2003 for the phylogeny of Hymenoptera project.
References
- Burks, R. A., Heraty, J. M., Gebiola, M., Hansson, C. 2011. Combined molecular and morphological phylogeny of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with focus on the subfamily Entedoninae. Cladistics 27, 1–25.
- Copland, M. J. W., King, P. E. 1971. The structure and possible function of the reproductive system in some Eulophidae and Tetracampidae. The Entomologist 104, 4–28.
- Darling, D. C. 1983. A review of the New World species of Euperilampus (Hymenoptera; Chalcidoidea), with notes about host associations and phylogenetic relationships. Quaestiones Entomolgicae 19, 1–40.
- Darling, D. C. 1988. Comparative morphology of the labrum in Hymenoptera: the digitate labrum of Perilampidae and Eucharitidae (Chalcidoidea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, 2811–2835.
- Darling, D. C. 1991. Revision of the World species of Spalangiopelta (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae: Ceinae). Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 155, 1–43.
- Delvare, G. 1992. A reclassification of the Chalcidini with a check list of the New World species. In: Delvare, G., Bouček, Z. (Eds.), On the New World Chalcididae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute, pp. 119–459.
- Desjardins, C., Regier, J. C., Mitter, C. 2007. Phylogeny of pteromalid parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae): Initial evidence from four protein-coding nuclear genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45, 454–469.
- Gates, M. E. 2008. Species revision and generic systematics of world Rileyinae (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 127, 1–332.
- Gibson, G. A. P. 1986. Evidence for monophyly and relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera: Terebrantes). Canadian Entomologist 118, 205–240.
- Gibson, G. A. P. 1989. Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 149, 1–121.
- Gibson, G. A. P. 1995. Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: Classification and revision of World genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 5, 1–421.
- Gibson, G. A. P. 2003. Phylogenetics and classification of Cleonyminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 16, 1–339.
- Gibson, G. A. P. 2009. Revision of New World Spalangiinae (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Zootaxa, 1–159.
- Gibson, G. A. P., Heraty, J. M., Woolley, J. B. 1999. Phylogenetics and classification of Chalcidoidea and Mymarommatoidea – a review of current concepts (Hymenoptera: Apocrita). Zoologica Scripta 28, 87–124.
- Graham, M. V. R. d. V. 1987. A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of certain genera. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology Series) 55, 1–392.
- Heraty, J. M. 1994. Classification and evolution of the Oraseminae in the Old World, with revisions of two closely related genera of Eucharitinae (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum 157, 1–174.
- Heraty, J. M. 2002. A revision of the genera of Eucharitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the World. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 68, 1–359.
- Heraty, J. M. 2009. Parasitoid Biodiversity and Insect Pest Management. In: Foottit, B., Adler, P. (Eds.), Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society. Springer-Verlag Press, Hague, Netherlands, pp. 445–462.
- Kim, J., Heraty, J. 2012. A phylogenetic analysis of the genera of Aphelininae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), with a generic key and descriptions of new taxa. Systematic Entomology, in press.
- Krogmann, L., Vilhelmsen, L. 2006. Phylogenetic implications of the mesosomal skeleton in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera, Apocrita) – tree searches in a jungle of homoplasy. Insect Systematics 20, 615–674.
- LaSalle, J. 1987. A revision of the New World Tanaostigmatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Contributions to the American Entomological Institute 23, 1–181.
- LaSalle, J., Polaszek, A., Noyes, J. S., Zolnerowich, G. 1997. A new whitefly parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae: Eunotinae), with comments on its placement, and implications for classification of Chalcidoidea with particular reference to the Eriaporinae (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Systematic Entomology 22, 131–150.
- LaSalle, J., Schauff, M. E. 1994. Systematics of the tribe Euderomphalini (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): parasitoids of whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Systematic Entomology 19, 235–258.
- Lotfalizadeh, H., Delvare, G., Rasplus, J.-Y. 2007. Phylogenetic analysis of Eurytominae (Chalcidoidea : Eurytomidae) based on morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean society 151, 441–510.
- Noyes, J. S. 2011. Universal Chalcidoidea Database website. Available: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/chalcidoids/index.html. Accessed 2011 Sep 30.
- Noyes, J. S., Hayat, M. 1994. Oriental Mealybug Parasitoids of the Anagyrini (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). CAB International, London.
- Polaszek, A., Hayat, M. 1992. A revision of the gnera Dirphys Howard and Encarsiella Hayat (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Systematic Entomology 17, 181–197.
- Rasplus, J.-Y., Kerdelhué, C., Clainche, I. l., Mondor, G. 1998. Molecular phylogeny of fig wasps. Agaonidae are not monophyletic. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris (III) (Sciences de la Vie) 321, 517–527.
- Schauff, M. E. 1984. The Holarctic genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 12, 1–67.
- Schauff, M. E. 1991. The Holarctic genera of Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 26, 1–109.
- Wijesekara, G. A. W. 1997. Phylogeny of Chalcididae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) and its congruence with contemporary hierarchical classification. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 29, 1–61.
- Woolley, J. B. 1988. Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Systematic Entomology 13, 465–501.
- Yoder, M. J., Dole, K., Seltmann, K., Deans, A. R. 2006-present. Mx, a collaborative web based content management for biological systematists.
Citation
Heraty, J. M., Burks, B. D., Cruaud, A., Gibson, G., Liljeblad, J., Munro, J., Rasplus, J.-Y., Delvare, G., Janšta, P., Gumovsky, A. V., Huber, J. T., Woolley, J. B., Krogmann, L., Heydon, S., Polaszek, A., Schmidt, S., Darling, D. C., Gates, M. W., Mottern, J. L., Murray, E., Dal Molin, A., Triapitsyn, S., Baur, H., Pinto, J. D., van Noort, S., George, J., Yoder, M. submitted. A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics.Contact
