Character Details

Character

Mandibular base [59]

Description

An exposed base of the mandible that articulates with the genal margin is found in Chalcididae. The mandible has a distinct condyle in Epitranus (state 1), but when slightly opened the margin is flush with the genal margin (not underneath). The mymarid and rotoitid condition is distinctly different with a prominent external muscle or ligament attachment externally. State 1 was used by Wijesekara (1997) as a synapomorphy supporting the monophyly of Chalcididae and is included here for the same purpose. No other taxa possess an exposed mandibular base. Wijesekara did not consider the states in Perilampidae and Chalcididae to be homologous, because of their differently shaped gena; however his distinction based on genal margin at the mandibular base does not hold within the chalcidids that he coded. Citations: Wijesekara (1997: 8); Gates (2008: 15).

States

-: inapplicable (no mandible)
notes:
coded examples: Indosema indica Husain & Agarwal, 1983, UCRC_ENT_00237975, Centrodora_brevispinae_UCRC_ENT_00237973, UCRC_ENT_00237976, Phtuaria fimbriae UCRCENT00237978 (toggle remainder)
0: at least dorsally concealed by genal margin
7078_mximage
1.Halticoptera
 
notes:
coded examples: Cleonymus Latreille, 1809, Cales noacki Howard, 1907, Coccophagus rusti, Cirrospilus coachellae, Eurytoma gigantea (toggle remainder)
1: exposed, mouth margin thickened and incised for reception of dorsal corner of mandible
7080_mximage
1.Epitranus
7081_mximage
2.Brachymeria
 
notes:
coded examples: Stypiura dentipes (Fabricius 1804), Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri, 1913, Chalcis myrifex (Sulzer, 1776), Melanosmicra variventris (Cameron, 1913), Conura immaculata (Cresson, 1865) (toggle remainder)
2: exposed, condyles elongate and visible externally, mouth margin not incised for reception of mandible (lateral to clypeus)
7079_mximage
1.Acanthochalcis nigricans
 
notes:
coded examples: Acanthochalcis_nigricans, Chiloe micropteron, Eubroncus_D1593, Aperilampus sp. Madagascar, Cratocentrus decoratus (Klug, 1834) (toggle remainder)
3: exposed, mouth margin not incised, condyles not visible
7082_mximage
1. Acmopolynema varium...
 
notes:
coded examples: Gonatocerus ashmeadi, Australomymar sp. Chile, Mymaromma, Acmopolynema varium, Erythmelus_rosascostai (toggle remainder)